THE CENTER FOR INTELLIGENCE STUDIES

Executive Summary: Since the dawn of the 1917 Bolshevik revolution, international communism sought to cripple capitalism and the liberal democracies through indirect subversion, encirclement, and if necessary outright military conquest. The Western response had combined mixed levels of military preparedness and appeasement in their foreign and security policies towards the communist world. Our public knowledge of communist subversion and military intentions has been shaped by the majority of print and media sources and academia. These institutions provided gross misinterpretations or inaccuracies due to leftist or “anti-Cold War” biases. This reality was the result of the penetration of New Left worldviews and personalities into the opinion molding centers of power. Many American based multinational corporations also permeated the debate with views that accommodation and trade would mellow the juggernaut of communist military power. More than a few of these titans of the business world also supported the communist states as models of efficient new societies. Hence, popular knowledge of communist plans of aggression had proven to be vastly distorted by the media and even government agencies under the influence of the Left and big business. This essay will document the history of communist invasion planning in Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Flexible utilization of nuclear, biological, chemical, and conventional war tactics characterized the communist effort to pulverize the Main Enemy. Also discussed is the ultimate goal of the occupation and communization of the territories under attack. The documented evidence will explain how collaborationists would then seize power in the targeted nations. This essay will prove to be especially relevant in the contemporary political discourse, where many pundits and politicians trumpet the notion that “communism is dead” and “China is becoming capitalist.” However, current Chinese and Russian military plans, along with their truculent statements and exercises necessitate a comprehension of the recent Cold War past. China, North Korea, Vietnam, Laos, and Cuba remain communist states and committed to the eventual destruction of capitalism. Meanwhile, the Russian Federation and some Eastern European countries (e.g. Bulgaria, Romania, Czech Republic) have “ex-communist” apparatchiks still holding influential levers of power in the business and intelligence fields. Hence it is important for the believers and doubters of my thesis to reflect deeply on the wise words of George Santayana: “He who does not learn from history is doomed to repeat it.”
 
One of the most derided assertions concerning Soviet intentions during the Cold War was their drive for ultimate conquest of the United States and non-communist world. Such derision and hostility towards the notion of a Soviet long range plan for world conquest emanated from prominent academics, businessmen, and politicians in the Free World. Such forces of appeasement castigated the notion of the Soviets possessing a desire for world control/domination.  However, the available anecdotal and primary source evidence indicates that the Soviets and their allies consistently cooperated in the final goal of the crippling and ultimately defeating the United States and its allies in Europe and the Third World. Open warfare would be considered one of many options for this long-range plan.
 
The communist world adopted a flexible strategic and tactical approach in their military plans for the subjugation of the non-communist world. The available evidence points to the following characteristics of their military program: 1) Employment of encirclement of the United States and other Free World nations by unfriendly communist governments 2) Utilization of special operations forces, intelligence services, and proxy terrorists/CPs[i] to create disruption and assassinate prominent VIPs in the target countries 3) Usage of chemical-biological, atomic, and conventional armaments to remove the command and control, key industries, and intercontinental military assets in NATO and in CONUS[ii] 4) Utilizing communist regional powers, such as Vietnam and Cuba, to impose Marxism Leninism in their respective regions. The elements of surprise and maximum force for points 2, 3, and 4 were to be critical in the Soviet’s success on the battlefield. Thus, the Red Dawn Scenario is completed, with the triumph of global communist totalitarianism. In this essay, we will discuss the various encirclement and occupation plans with information gleaned from scholars, defectors, and primary source documents.
 
Soviet war plans against NATO and CONUS could be traced as far back as the early 1950s when Stalin was the supreme General Secretary of the CPSU and Premier of the USSR. Karel Kaplan was a chief archivist for the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (CPCz) until his defection to the West in 1968. Kaplan provided information concerning a meeting that Stalin had with Soviet armed forces generals and their counterparts in satellite states of Europe. Alexej Cepicka, the Czech Minister of Defense provided this scenario, as paraphrased by Kaplan:
 
After a report by representatives of the bloc about the condition of their respective armies, Stalin took the floor to elaborate on the idea of the military occupation of the whole of Europe, insisting on the necessity of preparing it very well. Since the Korean War had demonstrated the military weakness of the United States, despite its use of highly advanced technology, it seemed appropriate to Stalin to take advantage of this in Europe. He developed arguments in support of the following thesis: `No European army is in a position to seriously oppose the Soviet army and it can even be anticipated that there will be no resistance at all. The current military power of the United States is not very great. For the time being, the Soviet camp therefore enjoys a distinct superiority. But this is merely temporary, for some three or four years. Afterward, the United States will have at its disposal means for transporting reinforcements to Western Europe and will also be able to take advantage of its atomic superiority. Consequently, it will be necessary to make use of this brief interval to systematically prepare our armies by mobilizing all our economic, political, and human resources. During the forthcoming three or four years, all of our domestic and international policies will be subordinated to this goal. Only the total mobilization of our resources will allow us to grasp this unique opportunity to extend socialism throughout the whole of Europe.[iii]
 
In this scenario, the elements of surprise, total mobilization, and the strength of the conventional forces would be used to achieve a victory for “socialism” in Europe. These assets of the communists would theoretically compensate for their comparative weaknesses in naval and atomic power that was possessed by the USA.
 
Another Czech Army colonel who defected to the West testified under the pseudonym Jan Bukar to the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) about Stalin’s war and occupation plans against Europe. Such objectives were to be achieved by 1955. While enrolled at the Frunze Military Academy in the Soviet Union, Bukar learned that the USA would be “the theater of future military operations.” He was taught by Soviet experts on the topography and geography of the United States and was informed that Alaska would be re-absorbed into the USSR. Bukar and 3,000 other Soviet and European satellite officers were all privy to these plans of the future conquest of the United States and Europe.[iv]
 
Evidence of communist long-range plans also surfaced during the period of Stalin’s influence over the international communist movement. One such long-range plan entailed the isolation of the United States by detaching her European allies and fomenting revolution in the Third World nations and Europe’s colonies. Communism would then sweep the Third World and revolution would sweep Europe, thus depriving the West 
                                   
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of valuable resources for its economy. Europe and United States, cut off from their resource base, would be plunged into revolution. Stalin himself viewed the outlying colonies of the West as the “rear” of “imperialism. In an interview with a Japanese journalist, later printed in his Works, Stalin clearly stated:
 
Do I not think that the growth of the revolutionary movement in China, India, Persia, Egypt and other Eastern countries is a sign that the time is drawing near when the Western powers will bury themselves in the grave they have dug for themselves in the East? Yes, I do. The colonial countries constitute the principal rear of imperialism. The revolutionisation of this rear is bound to undermine imperialism not only in the sense that imperialism will be deprived of its rear, but also in the sense that the revolutionisation of the East is bound to give a powerful impulse to the intensification of the revolutionary crisis in the West. Attacked on two sides -- in the rear as well as in front -- imperialism will be forced to admit that it is doomed.[v]
 
Utilizing this strategy, Mao Tse Tung drew up such a plan for the encirclement of the capitalist world and sent Foreign Minister Chou En Lai in March 1953 to Moscow to submit this document to their Soviet allies. This plan, the Memorandum on New Program for World Revolution, entailed the following steps:
 
Separate the USA from Japan, France, and Britain by playing on war weariness and the benefits of trade with the USSR.
Conquest of the Republic of China (ROC-Taiwan)
Revolution of Indochina by the Viet Minh to be completed in two-year period.
Fall of Burma, then Thailand, and Indonesia. Withdrawal of all British colonial forces from East Asia by 1960.
Combined military and industrial power of the USSR and China would force “ruling clique” in Japan to collapse. A “peaceful revolution” would then occur, bringing to power a communist government in Tokyo.
India, at that time, was considered a “friend” of China and the Soviet Union.
A “peace offensive” would be launched throughout the planning period of the World Revolution.
The Philippines and the Arab world would then become communist through “economic cooperation, alliances, united fronts, and coalitions” by 1965.
Africa would be plunged into revolution, forcing “the imperialist and the colonizationists” to be “quickly driven into the sea.”
10) Europe would then be disconnected from her colonies in the Third World, with a “total economic collapse” occurring.
11) The USA, Canada, and South America would then be isolated. Mao expected that if the USA were to commence a war, the “courses of action” are then outlined in the “memorandum for military aid.”
 
It is worthy to note that this ominous document was published in the Congressional Record on April 29, 1954 by California Republican Senator Knowland.[vi] Mao Tse Tung was known to expound upon his desire to conquer the globe for communism in conversations with generals, admirals, and officials on other occasions. On June 28, 1958 Mao informed his generals and admirals that “Now the Pacific Ocean is not peaceful. It can only be peaceful when we take it over.” Lin Biao then added “We must build big ships, and be prepared to land in Japan, the Philippines, and San Francisco.” Late in 1958, Mao stated to his provincial chiefs that: “In the future we will set up the Earth Control Committee, and make a uniform plan for the Earth.”[vii]
 
After Stalin’s death, the Soviet leadership continued to couple military plans against the capitalist world with their long-range plans of encirclement. These military plans contained massive usage of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons on strategic NATO military, political, and economic targets in Europe. This aggression would occur in tandem with a massive infantry, airborne, and armored Warsaw Pact invasion. Such an assault would be presaged by sabotage by communist agents and special operations forces against key VIPs and installations.  The  initial  CBW,  atomic, and  conventional  assault  would  be  conducted  in  a  blitzkrieg

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fashion, modeled after the Wehrmacht and Nazi military units during World War II. A document produced in the wake of the Warsaw Pact exercise Soyuz-83 and issued by the East German Defense Council highlighted this strategy of lightning speed:
 
The strategic groupings of troops and naval forces of the armed forces of the USSR, the Poland People’s Republic, the GDR, and the CSSR have the following mission: The principal aim of the first strategic operation with troops on four Fronts is a rapid advance, reaching the frontiers of France by the 13th or 15th day, and thereby:
 
* taking the territories of Denmark, the FRG, the Netherlands, and Belgium;
* forcing the withdrawal of these West European countries from the war; and
*continuing the strategic operation by establishing two additional Fronts inside France, shattering the  strategic reserves on French territory, and reaching Vizcaya and the Spanish border by day 30 or 35, thus accomplishing the final aims of the first strategic operation by removing France from the war.”[viii]
 
In 1988-1989, the advanced course for the senior officer corps of the East German Army in which the “instructions of the Commander-in-Chief of the Pact’s Joint Armed Forces regarding the operational mission of troops and naval forces” laid out that: The goal of the operation is to liberate the territories of the GDR and CSSR, to occupy the economically important regions of the FRG east of the Rhine, and to create the right circumstances for a transition to a general offensive aimed at bringing about the withdrawal of the European NATO states from the war.[ix]
 
The exercise “Staff Training 89” called for the utilization of 76 nuclear weapons, some of which having a high yield in the West German provinces of Schleswig-Holstein.[x] Another purpose of this usage of mass destruction weapons was also to induce panic and disorder in the Western democracies. This would thus have the effect of weakening the resistance of the Free World and the cohesion of the NATO allies. As one document stated:
 
“It is desirable to consider (...) nuclear attacks on such centers as Hannover or Brunswick, Kiel and Bremen. The destruction of these cities will likely cause a complete disorganization of political life, the economy, etc. It will significantly influence the creation of panic in areas of nuclear strikes. The exploitation of the effects of strikes by our propaganda may contribute to the spread of panic among enemy armies and populations (...). In order to exclude Denmark from the war as quickly as possible, nuclear strikes should be launched at Esbjerg (an important strategic point in the NATO system) and Roskilde (Zealand Island), and subsequently a widespread special propaganda action aimed at deepening the existing panic should be conducted to warn Denmark's troops and civilian population of the consequences of further resistance and the threat that, in the event of continuation of the war, further atomic strikes will occur. (Excerpt from a presentation by the commander of the Polish Front, General Zygmunt Duszynski, in 1961)[xi]
 
Even during the so-called “fall of communism,” Warsaw Pact military plans and aggressive exercises continued. The Agence France Presse reported in 1991 that “as late as June 1990, eight months after the fall of the Berlin Wall, the NVA's (Nationale Volksarmee/National People’s Army of East Germany) 5th Army carried out joint exercises with the Soviet military that still rehearsed for a westward offensive in northern Germany. The plan involved the use of chemical weapons and up to 87 nuclear warheads. And a similar war game involving Soviet and East German generals was planned for September, less than a month before German unification. [xii] Major American newspapers also reported that despite the “fall of communism” and withdrawal of Soviet troops in Eastern Europe in 1989-1990, the USSR retained large arms, fuel, and ammunition dumps in the region.[xiii] It also became known that the USSR retained in violation of the 1987 INF Treaty SS-23 nuclear missiles in East Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Bulgaria.[xiv] In 1990, media reports indicated that the East Germans retained chemical weapons stockpiles.[xv]  This information  alone  should force 

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Cold War historians to honestly reappraise the Gorbachev period and highlight his continued commitment to world communism. The available evidence indicated that under the late Gorbachev period, Soviet war preparations for Western Europe did not abate in any sense. They only assumed a deceptive stance to anesthetize Western opinion and further achieve an element of surprise.
 
The occupation of the NATO and non-communist countries in Europe would involve the following known factors: 1) A flood of propaganda to convince the Europeans of the just cause of the communist invasion 2) Introduction of the mechanisms of a planned socialist economy through currency revisions, rationing, and control of reconstructed industrial plants 3) Usage of collaborators as puppet rulers of the subject populations 4) Mass internment and executions of “class enemies” 5) Administration of occupied territories by Soviet and Warsaw Pact military commanders.
 
An East German defector from their National People’s Army (NVA), Captain Guenter Alfons Malikowski of the First Armored Division, revealed documents in 1960 outlining Warsaw Pact war plans against the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG-West Germany). One of the documents was a proclamation to residents of occupied Kiel to cooperate with the “liberating” East German occupying forces. One proclamation exhorted: “The last pockets of resistance in the city have been wiped out. The city is in the hands of the troops of the National People’s Army of the German Democratic Republic. The army of the first workers’ and farmers’ state in Germany has not come as a occupation army to tyrannize over the working people. We have come to do away with fascism and militarism in Germany once and for all. We seek the cooperation of the democratically minded and constructive forces of the city.”[xvi]
 
A series of Czech documents entitled “Czechoslovak Drafts of Orders and Appeals to be Issued in Occupied Western European Territories,” dated June 29, 1964, is partially reprinted below:
 
“Order of the Commander of the Western Front Political Directorate of the Western Front Special Propaganda Department July 2, 1964 Re: Draft of Order of the Commander of the Western Front On Soldiers’ Conduct towards Population of the Liberated Territories and on Principles of Treatment of POWs Order of the Commander of the Western Front
 
Every Czechoslovak soldier must be aware of the fact that he is a soldier of a socialist army, which wages a just war for the defense of his socialist country. Our aim is not to subdue other nations, to seed fear and panic among the population, but to annihilate imperialism and to bring real freedom to the nations, which imperialism has brought into this hopeless war against us.
 
I order (therefore) all members of the Czechoslovak People’s Army fighting on enemy territory: To maintain the basic principles of socialist humanism, as well as the internationally valid practices stipulated by the Geneva Convention, to maintain humanitarian treatment of those who do not take a direct part in combat actions and of those who lay down their arms or have been neutralized in the fight by illness or injuries, as well as to comply with the demands of human dignity.
 
1. To maintain extraordinary vigilance and alertness, to intervene severely against those soldiers who would trespass it. To impede the activities of revanchist elements and their attempts to destroy objects of military significance and to wage espionage activities. Not to accept anything from the population, in particular food, drink, etc. To detain, disarm and hand over to the nearest commander anybody who has been caught committing hostile acts. To intervene immediately and in a radical way against elements caught conducting hostile acts who do not cease their resistance. To treat citizens who do not directly participate in hostile actions in the spirit of the basic principles of human morality, disregarding their statehood, political convictions and property. Commanding officers shall take measures to avoid incorrect emotional and other reactions towards their subordinates. They will intervene as severely as
 
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possible against those who have denigrated the personal dignity of people, who willfully steal or damage their property or threaten the health and life of the people.
 
The advantages of POW status shall not be extended to terrorist guerrillas or a hostile population who, despite appeals of our bodies, secretly hide and bear arms, while fighting us unlawfully, deceitfully attacking and murdering our soldiers.
 
Safe Conduct, i.e., Surrender Pass for NATO soldiers (English Version)
 
The NATO soldier who carries this laissez-passer is using it as a sign of his genuine wish to give himself up. He is to be disarmed, to be well looked after, to receive food and medical attention as required and to be removed from the danger zone as soon as possible. This holds good for a group of soldiers as well.
 
Appeal to French Soldiers
 
French Soldier!
Liberated France, the France of tomorrow shall need you. Your family shall need you to take care of them, your children shall need you to bring them up, your parents shall need you to provide for their comfortable old age. Your country shall need you to give her the strength of your hands, your mind, to make her recover her grandeur and happiness. Do you want to sacrifice your life, which is so badly needed, to the war for German interests?
French soldier!
Give up fighting, save yourself for France.
Whom Shall Your Death Help?
This war, into which Americans and Germans have drawn your country, is not your war. It is the war of North American monopolies, which attempt to subdue the whole world under them. But what can the war bring you?[xvii]
 
The Polish Army was delegated with the following tasks in their occupation of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG-West Germany):
 
The Surrender of Hannover according to the Polish Army’s “Bison” Exercise (April 21–28, 1971)
 
Due to the capitulation of the Hannover garrison, the Command of the Front has decided to provide assistance to the 5th Army by restoring the city to full function.
 
For this reason, for the disposition of the command of the 5th Army, we direct:
– one military police company from the NVA;
– one company for the protection of public order from the Army Security Service;
– a group of civilian party aktiv members from the SED (20 members);
– a group of press and radio journalists from the GDR (8);
– specialists in typography and radiophony (12);
– part of a front group to secure special propaganda (24 officers, ensigns, and non-commissioned officers).
 
The groups mentioned above will report for the disposition of the command of the 5th Army today at 6:00 p.m. In the following days the government of the GDR will direct other groups of specialists to the city of Hannover. Each time, the arrival of these groups will be signaled.
 
Responsibilities of the 5th Army command include:
 
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a) to organize the Hannover Garrison Command and appoint one of the senior officers from the 6th Armored Division as commandant of the Garrison;
b) to assign specified forces and equipment from the above-mentioned formations to the commandant of the Garrison. Simultaneously, with the support of democratic forces, to organize the regular police;
c) to organize quick and efficient press and radio information for the people;
d) to form a temporary camp for prisoners-of-war from the crew of the  surrendered garrison;
e) to provide full protection and defense for depots and storehouses (both  civilian and military);
f) to bring water-works, power plants, and heating plants into operation;
g) to assist the leadership that is being organized with the distribution of  foodstuffs from local supplies;
h) to establish a united front municipal government recruited from activists  from the KPD [German Communist Party] and the SPD [German Social Democratic Party];
i) as the removal of the ruins progresses, to bring industrial plants into  production.
[…]
After a general assessment of the state of food reserves as well as the state of medical needs for civilians and prisoners, report specific requests to the staff of the Front by 11:00 a.m., April 29, 1971.
 
[Source: Collection Political Administration of the Military District of Silesia, File 152448/74/42. Archives of the Ground Forces, Wroclaw.”[xviii]]
 
The invasion and occupation plans for West Berlin and Germany were codenamed Operation Stoss and after 1987, Operation Zentrum.[xix] These operations would involve 32,000 Stasi, People’s Police, elite airborne units (e.g. Willi Sanger paratroop units) and regular East German and Soviet army units. It is also worth mentioning that the East Germans, like their Spetsnaz counterparts, had a special operations unit that dressed up in West German Bundeswehr uniforms and equipped with U.S. built M-48 tanks and M-113 APCs. This unit, which was subordinate to the Stasi, was to be used in deception and sabotage operations in the Federal Republic.[xx] The West German Communist Party (DKP) sent cadres to East Germany for military training in sabotage, industrial unrest, and protests during a Warsaw Pact invasion. West Germany would then be administered in its entirety by the East German Army, while an occupied Berlin would be divided into several zones. These zones would be administered by the East German and Soviet officials.[xxi] "Besatzungsgeld" or occupation money would be printed for use by the occupying troops and the local population. Hence, the capitalist Deutschemark would be abolished in the FRG. Airports and rail stations would then be managed by previously trained experts from the East.[xxii] The Stasi also reprinted new maps and signs for West German cities under occupation. For example, Koenigsallee, Duesseldorf's avenue of furs, jewels and designer fashions, was to be dubbed Karl Marx Allee.[xxiii] Special medals, known as the Bluecher[xxiv] Orders, were minted and stored for the eventual awarding to East German military officers and troops.[xxv] Berlin’s city government would be overthrown and the Stasi would be tasked in purging political and other “class enemies.” These enemies would include anti-communists, businessmen, anti-leftists, civil servants, and police officials. The Stasi drew up such lists of specific individuals who were then to be dispatched to “internment camps.”[xxvi] The invasion of West Berlin would be known as Day X and would involve the Stasi and East German Army storming through 59 breaches in the Berlin Wall. All means of communications and transportation in Berlin would be captured and churches shut down. Economic assets and the means of communication would be harnessed by the occupying East German forces. Berlin would be administered by 12 neighborhood administrative offices, according to a document drawn up for the head of the Stasi Erich Mielke. The document itself was drawn up by the District Leader of the Berlin Area of the Ministry of State Security, Lieutenant-General Wolfgang Schwanitz. This plan for the occupation of West Berlin was in force as late as 1985, according to historian Dr. Otto Wenzel.[xxvii]
 
The Soviets also intended to occupy all of Western Europe, including Spain, France, Great Britain, and Portugal in their invasion, according to defecting Czech Major General Jan Sejna. Strategic targets in Britain, such as the London subways and water supply, were to be sabotaged. Interestingly, the British Parliament Buildings were to spared the effects of Soviet bombing runs. According to Sejna, the USSR reasoned that “we
 
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could make it inoperative through other means.”[xxviii] Other industrial and military targets would be destroyed by the special forces of the communists. A Soviet occupation force and/or a “progressive” British government would then “settle accounts with the bourgeois leaders.” In the spring of 1964, KGB Chairman Aleksandr Shelepin gave Czech Communist leader Antonin Novotny a list of potentially hostile British leaders in business, politics, and the police/army. They consisted of leaders of most major political parties and the section on the Conservative Party went down to the constituency level. The lists were compiled by the KGB and the British Communist Party and were replete with biographical notes and a recommendation of judicial action. These unfortunate British VIPs would either be detained or executed without trial. The most prominent leaders, such as Edward Heath, Sir Alex Douglas-Home, and Harold Wilson were to undergo show trials before their execution. [xxix]
 
The French Army was expected to collapse and the fall of France would be accomplished in two days. Sejna also stated that “ration cards, handbills, tickets, and signs” were printed for the occupation forces and local populations in Switzerland, France, and West Germany. Arrest lists consisting of 10,000 prominent West German public figures were also drawn up.[xxx] The French list, according to Sejna, has tens of thousands of names, including legislators, businessmen, trade union leaders, journalists, military officers, police officials, and mayors. The invading troops would retain mobile courts to try and execute thousands of “war criminals.”[xxxi] Soviet officials will then resume full control of occupied France, with the Commander of the Trans-Carpathian Red Army divisions becoming its commandant.[xxxii]
 
Collaborators in the native Communist Parties would then assume power in the occupied territories of the former NATO countries. For example, Soviet Marshal Yakubovsky informed General Sejna that there were 4,000 Austrian collaborators that the USSR could count on to “round up undesirable civilians once the country was occupied.”[xxxiii] Sejna also described in his book We Will Bury You how the Soviets would also occupy Switzerland through an invasion of armored and paratroop units. Key points in Switzerland were expected to be captured in Day 3 of a general Warsaw Pact blitz across Europe. Key cities Sweden was to be occupied within twenty four hours and paratroopers would seize ports and industrial plants intact for use by the invaders. Sejna stated that the Warsaw Pact believed that they could subdue Sweden in a total of one week, excepting residual guerrilla resistance.[xxxiv] Finland, under the presidency of Urho Kekkonen, would be bound by a private agreement with the Soviets to support the Warsaw Pact forces. Soviet Marshal Grechko informed Sejna that Finland would declare itself a “non-belligerent” and turn over its ports and territory to the USSR armed forces. The Dutch armed forces were looked upon as a heavily penetrated and weak force, subject to disruption due to the unionization of its soldiers. The Soviets expected the Dutch forces to collapse and the government to declare its “neutrality.” The government would then prevent NATO from utilizing its ports and the USSR would occupy the country.[xxxv]
 
     It also became known recently that maps of the Western European nations were produced by the Soviet Union and its successor, the Russian Federation, from 1950 to at least 1997. Such documents were significant for two reasons: 1) They proved Soviet long range military planning for aggression 2) Discredits the notion that Gorbachev and his successors as less dictatorial and aggressive in their intentions towards the capitalist world. It is highly intriguing that the “democratic” post-1991 Yeltsin government would produce such maps, while posing as a “kindler, gentler” Russia. The existence of maps dated after 1991 also suggests that the Russian Federation, under rule of “former” communists considered the Western world enemy nations and the continued target of invasion and occupation. Our intelligence services and diplomatic service need to analyze this piece of evidence and ascertain the level of continued hostile Russian Federation intentions towards the Western powers.
 
The British map-making firm, Landmark Information Group stated that these Soviet-produced maps “revealed the exact location and purpose of every structure of possible military importance. The firm says experts believe they were developed using aerial photos, satellite images, local knowledge and even spies. "’The Russians managed to map out 16,000 sq km of the UK, including 103 major UK towns and cities,’" says
 
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the firm.”^[xxxvi] These maps are highly detailed and in this author’s opinion, are comparative or superior to U.S. Geodetic and Survey Maps. These Soviet generated maps of Ireland, Sweden, and Britain included depths of waterways, roads, locations of facilities, and other militarily useful information. Militarily significant targets were color coded blue, while other installations were colored pink, brown, and black. In fact, John Davies, a British expert on Russian maps, said the maps left a "fascinating legacy" of the Soviet quest to become the dominant global political power. Mr. Davies stated further: "Realizing the military, economic and political benefits of topographic information, the Soviet military set about mapping the whole world -a mammoth task which took over 50 years before, during and after the Cold War to complete." Today, very little is known about how the organization was structured and how such incredible results were achieved. Certainly the operation was militarily-driven, very well controlled, achieving spectacular results.”^[xxxvii] The Swedish newspaper Aftonbladet published a Soviet made map dating from 1987. The accuracy and details of these maps worried the normally far left Swedish government, which was horrified at such proof that their country was a target of Soviet invasion. Pravda stated that:
 
The maps depicted the coast in the area of Stockholm and Karlskruna – the major army base of the Swedish Navy in the Baltic area. The detailed maps showed all defensive installations on the outskirts of the two cities, as well as the spots for landing commandos, and the depth of secret waterways.  Swedish experts concluded that the Soviet Headquarters used those maps to organize an incursion in Sweden. The maps were of very high quality – better than the creations of best Swedish military mappers. As a result, the nation was so scared like never before, not even during the worst Cold War period.  When Swedish Prime Minister Goran Persson looked at the photographs, he said that the worst apprehension of those people, who considered Moscow a source of direct danger, was verified. The prime minister also said that after the documents are studied in detailed, the Swedish government will decide, if it is worth making a protest against Russia or not.[xxxviii]
 
The post-Stalin generation of Soviet and international communist leaders were also committed to a long range plan of military and political encirclement of CONUS and other key Free World nations with hostile revolutionary and communist satellites. General Jan Sejna was privy to such plans while serving in the highest ranks of the Czech Armed Forces (CSLA) and Party (CPCz) apparatus. According to Sejna, this strategic planning document was called “The Long Term Strategic Plan for the Next Ten to Fifteen Years and the Years After.” It outlined this policy of subversion, invasion, demoralization, and ultimate surrender of the democratic world in the face of the communist juggernaut. The section of the title “...and the Years After” indicated that the Warsaw Pact and their allies had a flexible strategy for the crippling of the capitalist world that fluctuated according to the prevailing political situations in the non-communist countries. The encirclement, invasion, and eventual surrender and occupation of the NATO countries and CONUS would be achieved during Phases Three and Four of the Plan. They were known as “The Period of Dynamic Social Change” and “The Era of Global Democratic Peace” and were supposed to be achieved by 1995. However, Sejna had indicated that Soviet long-range planning tactics and their timetables were subject to adjustment.[xxxix] However, their ultimate goal of “Global Democratic Peace” (i.e. Red Dawn) remained unchanged.
 
The battlegrounds of Asia, Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East had been the targets of aggression by the Soviets and their proxies, with the twin goals of geographically and economically encircling the United States. Encirclement of CONUS and NATO would occur through 1) communist usage of proxy terrorist revolutionary movements seizing power in Third World and allied countries having close geographic proximity to key non-communist nations and natural resources, i.e. the FMLN in El Salvador, PLO, ANC, Communist Party of Thailand (CPT), etc. 2) Outright foreign invasion by satellite states, in coordination with the USSR 3) Usage of special forces, party, and intelligence agents of Soviet aligned nations to sabotage and sow chaos in the Free World.
 
After the fall of Cambodia, Laos, and South Vietnam to the communists, a remarkable document surfaced in that region. It was revealed by a Viet Cong defector Nguyen Cong Hoan, who also served in the puppet
 
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National Assembly in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV). This document was entitled Vietnam-Southeast Asia and was circulated in June 1976, then withdrawn due to its sensitive nature. Tran Quynh, private secretary to Communist Politburo official Le Duan commented that this document called for “the liberation of Thailand will be next. It is a historical necessity and a responsibility of ours.”^[xl] Clearly, the Vietnamese and their allies had the ultimate domination of the ASEAN nations and the eviction of remaining U.S. influence as a long-term goal. It is also worthy to note that in 1975, the North Vietnamese inherited a tremendous arsenal of weapons from the old ARVN (Army of the Republic of Vietnam) to supplement their communist manufactured weapons. Hence, the North Vietnamese had tremendous military might at that time to possibly carry out an invasion of Thailand if political conditions permitted.
 
South Korea was another target of encirclement, subversion, and aggression by the Soviet-Chinese ally of North Korea. One of the highest-ranking defectors from the North, Workers’ Party ideological chief Hwang Jang-yop, outlined this strategy in a 1997 press conference with the South Korean press:
 
One of the basic North Korean policies on the Republic of Korea, which has not changed over the past 50 years, is to force the collapse of the South internally. The second is to unify the country by arms. In the Workers Party alone, there are many departments that handle affairs of the South, such as the United Front Department and the Social and Cultural Department which are working openly and other departments that manage underground organizations. In addition, there is the operations department in charge of infiltration and a department that collects information. There are many departments.”[xli]
 
When asked about North Korea’s ability and determination to carry out a war with the South, Hwang responded:
 
 It is a very tough question. That war will eventually inevitably break out, at some time, has become common knowledge (in the North). Since I am not the commander-in-chief, I can't know whether it will be an all-out war or a limited war. Presumably, however, it will be an all-out war. As for timing, all international and domestic conditions will be taken into consideration. I think it will occur when preparations for the internal collapse of the South and an armed invasion occur simultaneously. I presume that North Korea will provoke a war when the situation in the South becomes complicated or chaotic and when the South's allies are dividing their strength for events in other parts of the world.^[xlii]
 
Yossef Bodansky also revealed that North Korean special operations forces even probed America’s backyard in Mexico and Central America:
 
Meanwhile, the DPRK has been closely studying infiltration avenues and techniques into the U.S. since at least early 1983, when four small North Korean freighters escorted by several small trawlers, all fitted with a vast array of antennae and other ELINT equipment, were patrolling the Gulf of California and the shores of California and northern Mexico. Although the primary and original mission of this flotilla was to collect electronic intelligence and provide early-warning in case of a U.S. military intervention in Central America, the ships were well equipped to study, and possibly even conduct, insertion operations. The Korean crews were “soldiers or commandoes” also involved with Central American revolutionaries. Moreover, the DPRK freighters used in these operations were of the same type used for the clandestine insertion of DPRK Spetsnaz into hostile countries and supporting international terrorist activities.^[xliii]
 
Bodansky had also written that North Korean special operations forces also utilized Soviet and Eastern European style mock-up training facilities of South Korean cities:
 
The main intelligence school now has an 8km long “South Korean” city with restaurant, coffee shop, supermarket, stationary shop, etc. Despite the ideological threat, the school has a constant supply of the
 
                                                    -10-

latest South Korean newspapers and movies. An Myong-Chin observed that the subway station and bus terminal, as well as some other key buildings, are identical to those of Seoul.Just how serious Pyongyang is about the imminence of hostilities and the key rôle of special operations in such a war can be learned from the training of the intelligence Spetsnaz forces. Most important is the infiltration training of operatives of the Operations Department which is conducted by the “715 Liaison Office”. This training includes actual penetrations into South Korea, through underground tunnels and other means. At times, the operatives stay a few kms south of the DMZ. An Myong-Chin reported that on several occasions he had penetrated more than 2km south of the DMZ in order to study and experiment with ROK and U.S. military procedures, examine the Spetsnaz troops’ ability to evade guards and patrols, and gain confidence.[xliv]
 
North Korea’s propaganda and military strategies appeared to have at least some effect on South Korean morale. A Soviet document recounting a conversation between Gorbachev and Kim il Sung was most revealing and frank in its analysis of the decay of South Korean society. Kim il Sung bragged that: “There is a big movement in favor of socialism in the South, and work is underway to create a national front. One third of South Korean parliamentarians support the North. Unlike the recent past when Americans were perceived as liberators and supporters, now many, not to mention the students, speak against the American presence.”[xlv]               
    
Historian and journalist Isabella Ginor revealed evidence of the USSR’s intention to assist in an invasion and occupation of the State of Israel in 1967. Soviet truculence and hatred for the Jews and Israel was revealed when Red Army Marshal Grechko stated in 1963 “within 15 years the Israelis will be happy if we just permit them to live.”^[xlvi] The Soviet-Arab invasion and occupation of Israel would involve usage of naval landings, airborne reinforcements, and air support for ground operations. Ginor also revealed that Soviet Spetsnaz commandos were to be strategically situated to sabotage Israeli targets:
 
Well before 1967, Israel had been targeted by the KGB's Foreign Intelligence Directorate as a theater of operations during a larger East-West conflict. Preparations had been made there for parachuting at least diversionnye razvedyvatelnye gruppy (sabotage-intelligence groups) to destroy Israeli targets. During 1964-66, according to documents supplied by the defecting KGB archivist Vasili Mitrokhin, Israel was one of the countries where caches of arms and radio equipment were prepositioned for such operations. Mitrokhin claims some of these were booby trapped and may be in place to this day. The direct involvement of Soviet personnel on Israeli soil, at least on a small scale, had thus already been considered and approved.” 
 
The occupation plans for the Jewish State of Israel entailed the collaboration of its Arab population and the insertion of interpreters to work with the people: “As early as May 11, Soviet Arabic-language interpreters stationed in Egypt were summoned to the Soviet Embassy in Cairo. One of them later recounted to journalist Aleksandr Khaldeev that they were told war between Egypt and Israel was inevitable. Later they were taken to Alexandria and informed they would be posted to the Black Sea Fleet, now cruising off the Israeli shore. “One of the interpreters...said he knew for sure that we would be attached to a 'desant,' or landing force, that would be landing in Haifa [Israel's main commercial harbor and naval base] or slightly northward.” The interpreters were to handle liaison with Israel’s Arab population, who “ were longing for us.” ^[xlvii]
 
It is also more than likely that the PLO and associated terrorist splinters, along with the Soviet financed Communist Party of Israel (Rakah) would also provide personnel and collaborators in an occupied Israel.
 
Meanwhile, the Soviet Union had ambitious plans for their Afghan puppet communists in Kabul. The Soviet puppet People’s Democratic Party (PDPA) government in Afghanistan positioned itself very firmly in the Soviet military camp. This was most apparent when Afghan Minister of Defense Abdul Qader stated in 1982 that: “In the future the Afghan Army will play a significant role like that of the Cuban and Vietnamese Armies…not far away is the day when our army will become a strong and energetic army capable of defend-
 
                                                      -11-

-ing peace and security not only in Afghanistan, but in the region as well.”[xlviii]
 
Hence, the Afghan soldiers of the PDPA communist dictatorship were designated as the new janissaries for the export of communism in the South Central Asian region.
 
The ruling communist FRELIMO movement in Mozambique, in cooperation with the communists of Mugabe’s Zimbabwe, Cuba, and the Soviet Union, planned to conquer the anti-communist dictatorship of President Hastings Banda of Malawi. President Banda was noted for its opposition to Soviet expansionism in Africa and at one time provided assistance to anti-communist rebels in Mozambique called RENAMO.[xlix] The Mozambicans would then replace the Banda regime by Malawian communist exiles. According to captured documents, former Mozambican communist president Samora Machel recommended that:
 
Mozambique and Zimbabwe must bring into being a new force in Malawi. Banda is worn out. We must not allow South Africa to set the course in Malawi. We must not allow the English, Americans and the Federal Republic of Germany to choose the Malawi leaders. The Army knows how these things must be done...We can also organize a Malawi Liberation Front, equip ourselves and infiltrate into Malawi in order to destroy the bandits (the Renamo guerrillas) who are there. We may also define the targets for such a front for the liberation of Malawi.”[l]
 
Creation of a puppet force to “liberate” and govern Malawi appeared to be modeled after Soviet plans for Europe and the consequent installation of quisling regimes. According to the captured documents, Mozambicans residing in Malawi were also to be harnessed as a fifth column in the FRELIMO destabilization campaign against the Banda government: “'We know Malawi, because we have two million Mozambicans there. The Malawians are in our hands. We have Mozambicans inside the Army, the police, the Young Pioneers[li],' he claims.”[lii]This again would follow the usual communist pattern of using native peoples (overseas Chinese, Russians, etc.) for subversive purposes.
 
The South Africans captured these documents when Mozambican communist dictator Samora Machel’s presidential aircraft crashed in 1986. The recovered documentation revealed the high level of coordination between FRELIMO, Zimbabwe, the Soviets, and the Cubans in planning their subversion and attack on Malawi, and provided important information concerning the military strategy and the equipment to be utilized. The South Africans revealed the following details:
 
Mr. Botha said it was not clear from the document who the full Mozambican delegation to the meeting was, but President Machel had clearly led the discussion and his Prime Minister, Mr. Mario Machungo, was present as well. The Zimbabwe delegation had been led by Mr. Emmerson Munangagwa, Minister of State Security. He had been accompanied by Zimbabwe's Ambassador to Mozambique, Mr. H.E. Mvundura (he was ordered to leave the meeting when the plot was discussed), Mr. E.R. Kadungure, Minister of State Defence, General Rex Nhongo, Army Commander, Air Marshal J. Tungamirai, Maj-Gen Maseko and Lt-Col Shumba, of the Zimbabwe National Army, and others. President Banda had been referred to as ''criminal'' in the talks. . .Malawi's police and defence force would be infiltrated and strategic bridges in the country would be destroyed along with other vital parts of its infrastructure. Malawi would be cut off from Tanzania and Zambia. It was made clear it was time President Banda should go, and that the Malawi army would be able to handle the situation. Russians and Cubans were involved in the joint Mozambican and Zimbabwean plot to overthrow the Malawi government militarily and politically. . . At the meeting, President Machel is recorded as having said he wanted to talk, at ease, with ''the military men'', and in the absence of Zimbabwe's Ambassador to Mozambique. . . Discussing the plan, President Machel, said the ''military men'' had to place ''allavailable means in Zambezia'', the province bordering Malawi. . . ''We have some special forces for special operations, we have about 41 MiG-21 (jet fighters) . . . [agency ellipses] the victory is being planned . . . [agency ellipses] it demands cold-bloodedness.'' The transport of troops and equipment of Zambezia and Tete
 
                                                       -12-

provinces was discussed, with the vital role Zimbabwe's transport facilities would play here, and the organization of medical services and food. President Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia, who is mentioned briefly in the minutes, had not guaranteed the closing of his border with Malawi, and his ''answer was not satisfactory''. President Machel said ''we have been at this table with the Mozambicans, Cubans and Soviets since last Friday (10th October) and we said that we should go immediately to Zambezia''. President Machel also warned the meeting not to underestimate South Africa ''because it can transport armed bandits by sea, using submarines and ships . . . [agency ellipses] she is desperate because we uncovered Malawi.'' The vital information for logistical planning was still being awaited, but had in fact been expected in time for the meeting. President Machel said he wanted to transfer his MiG-21s from Maputo to Beira so they could depart from there. The MiG-17s would be going to Zambezia, together with (helicopter) gunships. Summing up the logistical planning and the cost of the operation, President Machel said ''we will be ready to act if we have all this. We must make sure that if Malawi diverts its goods to Tanzania we will destroy the bridges linking Malawi to Tanzania . . . [agency ellipses] they must be bridges which took four to five years to build. If the goods are diverted to Zambia, we will not destroy the Zambian bridges but we will destroy the Malawian bridges which provide access to the Kazangula/Botswana route and to South Africa. If we destroy the bridges to Tanzania and Zambia we will have Malawi in our hands…”He also said he did not want to provoke those who sided with Malawi . . . [agency ellipses] ''I don't want to increase enemies . . . [agency ellipses] I can't do that''. The military action had to be backed by political action and Malawi had to be persuaded to allow Zimbabwean troops to cross its territory into Zambezia. The people of Malawi had to be convinced the Mozambique and Zimbabwe forces were in ''solidarity'' with them and not their government. Mr. Munangagwa told President Machel, ''there is a force ready to go'', but that there were preparations that had to be jointly made with Zimbabwe. Problems with the transport of military hardware from Mozambique harbours were also raised. . .”[liii]
 
Perhaps the most threatening geographic situation to CONUS would be communist revolution sweeping up the Central American isthmus and Mexico. This situation would dramatically alter the world balance of power directly pose a military threat to the United States. Top Sandinista and Cuban policymakers clearly yearned for the revolutionary dominoes to fall in Latin America. Mexican nationalism and anti-Americanism appeared to be a valuable card the USSR and its allies would use to garner support for its Red Dawn scenario for CONUS. According to defecting Sandinista cadre Alberto Suhr, Nicaragua’s Interior Minister^[liv] Tomas Borge stated their long term goals succinctly: “We have Nicaragua, soon we will have El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica and Mexico. One day, tomorrow or 15 years from now, we're going to take 5 to 10 million Mexicans and they're going to have one thing in mind -- cross the border, go into Dallas, go into Houston, go into New Mexico, go into San Diego, and each one has embedded in his mind the idea of killing 10 Americans.” ^[lv]
 
Another Sandinista defector, Major Roger Miranda, indicated that Sandinista military planning, even during the Gorbachev period, is implemented in coordination with the Soviet Union and Cuba. A Reader’s Digest article based on Miranda’s information indicated that:
 
“The peace plan is a weapon to eliminate the Contras," Ortega told the members. First, it should be used to influence the U.S. Congress to cut off funds for the Contras. Once that happened, the Contras would cease to exist. Then the Sandinistas would build active and reserve forces of 600,000 soldiers. By 1995 they would have received flamethrowers, 122-mm. self-propelled howitzers and a squadron of MiG-21Bs from the Soviets. This military would help them establish a Soviet Central America. El Salvador would be the first to fall. Then, with the aid of local guerrillas, the Sandinistas would subvert the governments of Guatemala, Costa Rica and Honduras. The Soviets had already agreed to this plan's guidelines. Now they needed detailed proposals. Throughout September and October, Miranda dutifully worked on the 68-page summary of military needs to be submitted to the Cubans and Soviets on November 17th.”[lvi] 
 
                                                     -13-     

Former Sandinista State Security officer Miguel Bolanos indicated that Soviet coordination of the Sandinista’s plans for aggression against their neighbors began soon after the revolution in July 1979: “My first awareness of the interest Nicaragua had against Honduras was early after the triumph of the revolution in October 1979. At that time there were five Soviet generals as advisors to the Sandinistas. In one of their sessions, they displayed the map of Honduras with their military capabilities and next to it was what was left militarily of Nicaragua. It was decided and advised at that time that Nicaragua had to concentrate on a military buildup to fight against Honduras. Today, Nicaragua is capable of defeating Honduras militarily in a matter of days.”[lvii]
 
According to an article in the March 8th, 1981 edition of the Boston Globe an FMLN commander Neto and his comrades had this vision for a communist victory of proletarian internationalism:
 
This is not just a Salvadoran revolution," said Neto. "We have to help all of the oppressed and exploited people of Latin America. After we triumph here we will go to Guatemala and offer our proletarian brothers the benefit of our experience." Neto said even revolution in Guatemala is not the final goal for him and his Marxist-Leninist comrades. "Eventually we will fight in Mexico," said Neto. He said the guerrillas are not convinced the Mexican regime is any more egalitarian than the Salvadoran junta they are now fighting. "The Mexican government is not deluding us by its support for our people," Neto said. "We know all about the Mexican government. We know what the government is." Neto's goal to fight in Guatemala and other Latin American countries was shared by nearly every guerrilla interviewed in Chalatenango. "Once all of the Third World countries have had their revolutions and withhold their natural resources from the United States, the capitalist system in the United States will collapse," said a former university student-turned- guerrilla [lviii]
 
The Cuban and Sandinista intelligence were very confidant of the reliability of their assets and their capabilities in Mexico. Bolanos stated that: “"In long term strategy, Mexico is slated to be the last country to fall. The high ranking Cuban intelligence officials that I talked with were very confident of their position in Mexico. They used to say that 'we have everything under control.' They have a large number of agents in the unions and political parties. If they just snap their fingers, the situation will explode. They have also paid off and blackmailed the Mexican security forces, which would thus be paralyzed in a crisis."[lix]
 
According to Bolanos, the FMLN of El Salvador already had contingency plans for the composition of the new government if they were victorious: “The insurgents have all the positions' in their ‘government’ designated to certain individuals already. Everything has been carefully thought out: who shall have a Ministry, who will command the armed forces. They have everything very well calculated.”[lx]
 
Hostile communist forces in Latin America also targeted key strategic U.S. targets in time of conflict. Tomas Borge had indicated on September 22, 1979 that Sandinista aggression would also be carried out against U.S. forces in the Panama Canal Zone in support of the pro-Cuban Torrijos government: “Managua home service stated that in the course of a speech on 20th September at the Augusto Cesar Sandino Police Training Centre, Tomas Borge, Interior Minister and member of the Sandinist People's Army Supreme Command and of the FSLN Joint National Directorate, and assured the people of Panama that the Nicaraguan people were ready to help them defend the Canal. "We are willing to go to Panama with our Sandinist forces, carrying the rifles of the revolution."[lxi]
 
The final target of the Soviet Union and their satellites is the continental United States (CONUS). In Notes on Grand Strategy, journalist J.R. Nyquist recounts what defecting Russian GRU Colonel Stanislav Lunev stated concerning the Soviet war plan against NATO during the 1980s. Nyquist wrote that it had four stages: “According to Lunev the First Strategic Echelon of the Warsaw Pact would drive over NATO's nuclear land mines and be destroyed. Then the Second Strategic Echelon would advance to exchange tactical nuclear blows with NATO forces. Then the Third Strategic Echelon would overrun Europe.”[lxii] The elimination of Europe
 
                                                     -14-

would then place the United States in an extremely vulnerable position. Soviet superiority in atomic, chemical, and biological arms would provide the communist world with the means of implementing nuclear blackmail. Most frightening was the admission by the Minister of the Russian Atomic Energy Agency Victor N. Mikhailov had 45,000 strategic and tactical nuclear bombs and missiles in their arsenal. This figure exceeded even the highest U.S. figures of Soviet nuclear warheads by 15,000.[lxiii] This sobering statistic should give pause for concern among policy makers concerning Soviet/Russian firepower and faulty U.S. intelligence gathering techniques and sources. This amount of Soviet firepower would be a large bargaining chip for potential nuclear blackmail that could leverage a U.S. Government surrender of CONUS territory.
 
According to Colonel Lunev, the Russian General Staff revised their war plan against the United States in 1991-1992. Lunev was informed that the “nuclear war plan is still good” against CONUS. The Russian Federation would send troops to occupy Alaska and Canada and launch their ICBMs and SLBMs against the United States. Meanwhile, Communist China would provide a follow-up invasion and occupation of CONUS with massive amounts of infantry troops.  Lunev’s 1998 testimony about a Chinese conventional occupation of CONUS is confirmed by the secret speech given by China’s Minister of Defense and vice-chairman of China’s Central Military Commission Chi Haotian. Haotian’s speech combined aggressive nationalism with communism and viewed the United States as the ultimate enemy and vast expanse of land for the Chinese population to occupy. Haotian exhorted:
 
To resolve the issue of America we must be able to transcend conventions and restrictions. In history, when a country defeated another country or occupied another country, it could not kill all the people in the conquered land, because back then you could not kill people effectively with sabers or long spears, or even with rifles or machine guns. Therefore, it was impossible to gain a stretch of land without keeping the people on that land. However, if we conquered America in this fashion, we would not be able to make many people migrate there.
 
Only by using special means to “clean up” America will we be able to lead the Chinese people there. This is the only choice left for us. This is not a matter of whether we are willing to do it or not. What kind of special means is there available for us to “clean up” America? Conventional weapons such as fighters, canons, missiles and battleships won’t do; neither will highly destructive weapons such as nuclear weapons. We are not as foolish as to want to perish together with America by using nuclear weapons, despite the fact that we have been exclaiming that we will have the Taiwan issue resolved at whatever cost. Only by using non-destructive weapons that can kill many people will we be able to reserve America for ourselves. There has been rapid development of modern biological technology, and new bio weapons have been invented one after another. Of course we have not been idle; in the past years we have seized the opportunity to master weapons of this kind. We are capable of achieving our purpose of “cleaning up” America all of a sudden. When Comrade Xiaoping was still with us, the Party Central Committee had the perspicacity to make the right decision not to develop aircraft carrier groups and focus instead on developing lethal weapons that can eliminate mass populations of the enemy country. From a humanitarian perspective, we should issue a warning to the American people and persuade them to leave America and leave the land they have lived in to the Chinese people. Or at least they should leave half of the United States to be China’s colony, because America was first discovered by the Chinese. But would this work? If this strategy does not work, then there is only one choice left to us. That is, use decisive means to “clean up” America, and reserve America for our use in a moment. Our historical experience has proven that as long as we make it happen, nobody in the world can do anything about us. Furthermore, if the United States as the leader is gone, then other enemies have to surrender to us. Biological weapons are unprecedented in their ruthlessness, but if the Americans do not die then the Chinese have to die. If the Chinese people are strapped to the present land, a total societal collapse is bound to take place. According to the computation of the author of Yellow Peril, more than half of the Chinese will die, and that figure would be more than 800 million people! Just after the liberation, our yellow land supported nearly 500 million people, while today the official figure of the
 
                                                    -15-

population is more than 1.3 billion. This yellow land has reached the limit of its capacity. One day, who knows how soon it will come, the great collapse will occur any time and more than half of the population will have to go. We must prepare ourselves for two scenarios. If our biological weapons succeed in the surprise attack [on the United States], the Chinese people will be able to keep their losses at a minimum in the fight against the United States. If, however, the attack fails and triggers a nuclear retaliation from the United States, China would perhaps suffer a catastrophe in which more than half of its population would perish. That is why we need to be ready with air defense systems for our big and medium-sized cities. Whatever the case may be, we can only move forward fearlessly for the sake of our Party and state and our nation’s future, regardless of the hardships we have to face and the sacrifices we have to make. The population, even if more than half dies, can be reproduced. But if the Party falls, everything is gone, and forever gone! It is indeed brutal to kill one or two hundred million Americans. But that is the only path that will secure a Chinese century, a century in which the CCP leads the world. We, as revolutionary humanitarians, do not want deaths. But if history confronts us with a choice between deaths of Chinese and those of Americans, we’d have to pick the latter, as, for us, it is more important to safeguard the lives of the Chinese people and the life of our Party. That is because, after all, we are Chinese and members of the CCP. Since the day we joined the CCP, the Party’s life has always been above all else! History will prove that we made the right choice.”[lxiv]
 
Despite the “fall” of the Soviet Union, communism continues to cast an aggressive design on the Free World nations. Our leaders must adopt a bi-partisan policy to take such sentiments of the Chinese and Russians seriously and prepare for massive attacks, as detailed in the above passages.
 
According to Lunev, such a Soviet/Chinese attack would utilize the element of surprise and would be preceded by sabotage by Spetsnaz.[lxv] Such measures would also generate mass chaos, thus hampering the capitalist enemies’ ability to wage war. Special operations forces, covert cadres within communist parties, and undercover intelligence agents would be utilized in this initial overture of aggression. These forces are disguised as sailors, sport teams, trade delegations, embassy staff, students, and even natives of the target nation.[lxvi] According to Col. Stanislav Lunev, who defected from the GRU in 1992, GRU Spetsnaz/Special Destinations Group teams had already infiltrated the United States and targeted key military and political leaders. These Spetsnaz forces are training within the United States and their knowledge of foreign languages and cultures have allowed them to effectively pose as Germans or Eastern Europeans. Suitcase nuclear bombs and explosives disguised as bricks, logs, rocks, etc. were planted in well hidden caches in the Shenandoah and Hudson River Valleys, amongst other locations. Stores of chemical weapons were also included this secret Spetsnaz arsenal in the United States.[lxvii] 
 
Lunev argued in 1998 that China and Russia combined could defeat the United States in a combined nuclear-conventional war. Under the revised Russian-Chinese war plan, anti-American Third World nations would be invited for “looting rights.”[lxviii] Based on the evidence, Cuba could qualify as a player in the above mentioned scenario. According to journalist Servando Gonzalez and Dr. Manuel Cereijo, Castro’s Tropas Especiales (Special Troops) have been training since 1990 for attacks against the United States. Vietnamese and Chinese military personnel were advising the Tropas Especiales to conduct operations in CONUS. Gonzalez details their specific regimen:
 
Since 1990, Cuban Special Forces troops (the ones under the direct command of Castro himself) have been training for the possibility of an attack directed at some parts of continental United States, most likely Florida. Intensive training courses have been underway, at least since 1990, under a program provided by Vietnam, at the Vietnam People's Army base at Hoa Binh, an inland town south-west of Hanoi. Personnel attending the school specialize in commando attacks and infiltration. They are considered by experts to be a very professional group, with great potential to inflict damage to a country. They are between 20 and 35 years old, and speak fluent English… These men are trained in infiltration techniques and operations and can be effectively used to carry bacteriological and chemical
 
                                                      -16-

warfare to the United States.”[lxix]
 
Post-Mao Chinese Communist Party leaders continued the policies of supporting world communist revolution. In a May 1994 visit, a U.S. Republican Party delegation met with the Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party Mo Xiusong and asked: “Is the long-term aim of the Chinese Communist Party still world Communism?" Mo responded, ‘Yes, of course. That is why we exist.’”[lxx] Chinese Communist theorists also predicted that major Western Powers (Japan, Germany, Russia, United States) would move away from capitalism and adopt their own versions of China’s “socialist market economy.” These nations would then comprise a “harmonious world” based on China’s system of international relations, known as the Five Principles of Peaceful Co-Existence.[lxxi] Capitalist America is viewed by Communist China as a power in decline. For example, the 1997 book American Social Diseases by Wan Guang postulated that the United States was in decline because of the following socio-economic and political factors: 1) The great disparity between rich and poor 2) The homeless 3) Wide racial gaps  4)Right-wing extremist groups, i.e. [militias and white supremacist groups 5) Destruction of the family and the problems of children and women 6)Crime and drug use 7) Generation gaps 8) Spiritual and moral crisis ('spiritual deficit' and 'moral extinction,' 'excessive sexual indulgence')"[lxxii]
 
This decay is perceived as the Achilles’ Heel of the fabric of U.S. society by the Chinese Communists and is a key factor in easing the difficulties for totalitarian nations to overtake the Free World.
 
J.R. Nyquist noted in The Origins of the Fourth World War that the Soviets intended to divide the United States into military administrative zones of occupation.[lxxiii] A similar plan for the division of the United States was reported earlier by former U.S. Senator Karl Mundt, who infiltrated a 1934 meeting of the Communist Party USA (CPUSA). At that meeting the CPUSA leaders expounded upon a plan for seizing power from within and subdividing the United States into nine administrative zones based upon river authorities, such as the TVA.[lxxiv] Plans to divide CONUS and cede Alaska could be interpreted as a means to dissolve the national identity of the United States and its population.
 
Major General Jan Sejna also elaborated on the Soviet plan to conquer CONUS in a roundtable discussion with Dr. Joseph D. Douglass held at Summit University on November 28, 1987. Sejna stated that the Soviets and their allies would launch a nuclear attack against the strategic military, communications, and economic targets in the United States. As in Europe, the destruction would be expected by Soviet planners to create chaos amongst the population and U.S. military forces within CONUS. This unrest and division would provide fertile ground for the surrender of the U.S. Government. Dr. Douglass expected that disaffected portions of the U.S. military might provide troops to assist in the occupation of the United States. Sejna stated that quisling Salvation Committees would then be formed in the United States of by leftist politicians and collaborators that viewed accommodation as the best hope for the survival of our nation.[lxxv] There are clear contemporary historical examples of this situation in the 20^th Century. One would be the case of occupied France during World War II. Many individuals who considered themselves patriots such as Petain, Weygand, Laval, and others, or ideological sympathizers such as Doriot, Deat, and Chateaubriant, cooperated with the German invaders. The Vichy regime became a political reality, despite the fact that relations between France and Germany had been characterized with open hostility and competing nationalisms for centuries.
 
Unfortunately, there is no evidence that the United States government ever considered the possibility that the Soviets might occupy CONUS. A fictionalized example of the prevalent mindset can be found in The Doomsday Scenario by L. Douglas Keeney, which was based on declassified plans and reports detailing a Soviet nuclear attack and survival/recovery effort by the U.S. Government. The plans and reports examined by Keeney in the course of writing the novel did not indicate or address the contingency of a Soviet conventional invasion and occupation.[lxxvi]
 
The testimonies of Sejna and Lunev are clearly confirmed by Soviet military writings. Soviet military 
 
                                                      -17-

theory clearly endorsed the usage of nuclear weapons to create defeatism within the ranks of enemy armies and populations. Unlike U.S. Government documents, Soviet military literature emphasized the importance of final victory and occupation of enemy territory. Clearly, the United States was the glavny vrag or “Main Enemy.” The 1972 edition of Marxism Leninism on War and Army opined that, “The very first nuclear attack on the enemy may inflict such immense casualties and produce such vast destruction that his economic, moral-political and military capabilities will collapse.”[lxxvii]
 
According to Marshal Sokolovsky in Soviet Military Strategy “In a future war, the socialist coalition will aim at conclusive political and military goals. To attain those goals, it will not be enough just to destroy the enemy’s means of nuclear attack, to defeat his main forces by missile blows and to disorganize his rear. For final victory … it will be absolutely necessary to smash the enemy’s armed forces completely, deprive him of strategic areas of deployment, liquidate his military bases, and occupy his strategically important regions... For this reason, the Ground Forces will undoubtedly play an important role, along with the missile forces, in achieving the final goals of the war”[lxxviii] 
 
Sokolovsky also felt that “The Soviet Union and the countries of people’s democracy, in order to protect their socialist achievements, will be forced adopt no less decisive aims directed towards the total defeat of the armed forces of the enemy with simultaneous disorganization of his interior zone, and towards suppression of the enemy’s will to resist, and rendering aid to the people to free them from the yoke of imperialism.”[lxxix]
 
The glavny vrag would clearly be the prized “strategically important” region to be crippled and occupied. Resistance to the occupying armies of socialism would be crushed. Colonel M.P. Skirdo in The People, The Army, The Commander stated that “With the liquidation of antagonistic classes and with the complete victory of socialism, the army of a socialist state concludes its internal function, namely, suppression of the residual resistance of exploiters within the country.”[lxxx] Lt. General Aviation G. Lobov elaborated on the real possibility of a satellite government seizing power in the ashes of a nuclear war: “when the enemy, as a result of the massive nuclear strikes inflicted upon him, such strikes being the main part of the attack, capitulates and peace loving forces accede to political power in his country….”[lxxxi]
 
Another Soviet theorist Prokhorov implored that quisling leftists have a duty to seize power during a global war: “Under conditions of a sharp conflict, crisis situation which war engenders, the proletariat and all revolutionary elements in society have the particularly responsible duty to carry out a revolution, to overthrow the bourgeoisie, to take power into their own hands.”[lxxxii]
 
Even during the 1980s, the USSR was committed to unconditional victory over the Main Enemy during a war of mass destruction. Marshal Nikolai Ogarkov stated that “The principles of the development and the nature of training of the Soviet Armed Forces are aimed above all at repelling a possible aggression, inflicting crushing retaliatory blows on the aggressor and at guaranteeing the defence of the gains of the Great October Revolution.''[lxxxiii] In the mid-1980s Ogarkov also opined in the pamphlet History Teaches Vigilance that “Proceeding from this, the Soviet military doctrine requires the ability not simply to defend but also to possess the ability to inflict crushing response strikes on an aggressor and rout it under any conditions.''[lxxxiv]  A 1980 Soviet Military Encyclopedia article by Marshal Ogarkov predicted that: “If nuclear war is foisted upon the Soviet Union, the Soviets will have definite advantages stemming from the just goals of the war and the advanced nature of their social and state system.” Ogarkov concluded that the war would create “objective possibilities for them to achieve victory.” [lxxxv] Colonel General V. A. Merimsky wrote in Tactical Preparation of Motorized Tank Subunits (1987) that: “In order to achieve final victory, it is necessary, using the results of nuclear strikes, to complete the enemy’s defeat, to limit his possibilities for putting up resistance, and to occupy his territory.”[lxxxvi]
 
Ominously, the military theory of the Russian Federation has not been altered appreciably in favor a less
truculent doctrine. A November 1993 special issue of Voyennaya Mysl (Military Thought) implicitly
 
                                                    -18-

indicated that the United States and NATO would continue to be the Main Enemy of the Russian armed forces. The article stated:
 
For the duration of the military reform, the principal responsibility for the country's defense could be entrusted to nuclear weapons. Main provisions of the Russian Federation's military doctrine define the role of strategic nuclear forces and their possible use as follows: The aim of the policy of the Russian Federation in the sphere of nuclear weapons is to avert the threat of a nuclear war by precluding an aggression against the Russian Federation and its allies. The Russian Federation: shall never use its nuclear weapons against any other state party to the Non-Proliferation Treaty of the July 1, 1968 which does not possess nuclear weapons unless: a) such a state, which has allied relations with a nuclear state, attacks the Russian Federation, its territory, Armed Forces and other troops or its allies; b) such a state collaborates with a nuclear power in carrying out, or supporting, an invasion or an armed aggression against the Russian Federation, its territory, Armed Forces and other troops or its allies....[lxxxvii]
 
The USSR considered the United States and the rest of North America as a likely battleground for their armed forces. Classified Soviet military records outlined special zones which indicated “theaters of military action” (TVDs) for air, sea, and ground forces. According to these records, the TVDs would be subdivided into 1) North American TVD: consists of the lower forty eight states in CONUS 2) Alaska was included in the Far Eastern TVD 3) Canada; Mexico; Central America down to Panama; the West Indies; Greenland; and Iceland were included in the North American and Northwestern TVDs.[lxxxviii] This was another indication of the USSR’s intentions to launch massive attacks as a means to cripple the last bastion of capitalism and impose communism in the “Main Enemy.” The above-mentioned military doctrines would be put into brutal and bloody practice.
 
Defector and intelligence information support the notion that the Soviets were seriously considering the usage of friendly leftist parties and terrorists to seize control of the U.S. Government in the event of encirclement and/or occupation of CONUS. Larry Grathwohl was an informant for the FBI within the communist revolutionary movement the Weather Underground (WUO). While collecting intelligence on the WUO, Grathwohl was privy to the group’s future plans. In an interview Grathwohl stated:
 
I brought up the subject of what's going to happen after we take over the government. You know, we become responsible for administrating, you know, 250 million people. And there was no answer. No one had given any thought to economics. How are you going to clothe and feed these people? The only thing that I could get was that they expected that the Cubans, the North Vietnamese, the Chinese and the Russians would all want to occupy different portions of the United States. They also believed that their immediate responsibility would be to protect against what they called the counter-revolution. And they felt that this counter-revolution could best be guarded against by creating and establishing re-education in the Southwest where we would take all of the people who needed to be re-educated into the new way of thinking and teach them how things were going to be. I asked, "Well, what is going to happen to those people that we can't re-educate, that are die-hard capitalists?" And the reply was that they'd have to be eliminated and when I pursued this further, they estimated that they'd have to eliminate 25 million people in these re-education centers. And when I say eliminate, I mean kill 25 million people. I want you to imagine sitting in a room with 25 people, most of whom have graduate degrees from Columbia and other well-known educational centers and hear them figuring out the logistics for the elimination of 25 million people and they were dead serious."[lxxxix]
 
 It is interesting to note that the supposedly opposing forces of the Soviet Union and China would appear to pool their forces together to jointly occupy the United States. We will be discussing the place of China in the Soviet war strategy in a future article.
 
                                                    -19-

Former Black Panther terrorist Eldridge Cleaver revealed Soviet and Chinese long range strategy in a Reader’s Digest article:
 
Cleaver’s most astonishing experience abroad was to be invited to gatherings where the plans of other nations for the United States were freely discussed. ‘What was being said was really the projection of an entire strategy - namely that, first, the international communist movement would liberate the so-called Third World, and would colonize the world. That would isolate the United States. At the same time, the superiority in the balance of armed power would be shifting in favor of the new world. And then the moment would come when, because of the internal disintegration of the United States, it would be possible to destroy the U.S. military machine.’ Then the revolutionaries within the United States would seize power. The revolutionaries abroad have a slogan: ‘We will destroy them from without; they will destroy them from within’…They (communist powers) take for granted that they can count on certain elements inside the United States. This is part of their perspective: that they are eventually going to conquer and destroy; that they will win. These revelations Cleaver says he heard sometimes over cocktails at embassies. ‘I’ve talked with generals from the Soviet Union and marshals from China. I’ve been present when they toasted the destruction of the United States. They carry on constant planning of surprise attacks. They are out to eliminate, if possible, but in any case, to surround and surpass and neutralize the United States.”[xc]
 
Latin American satellites of the Soviet Union would apparently be conscripted into the effort to subjugate the United States through ideological rallying and territorial bribery. Former Polish Ambassador Zdzislaw Rurarz had a conversation with a Soviet official before he defected in 1981 about the usage of Mexico in the war against the United States. The article stated: “The official said the Germans had been premature in their efforts to manipulate the Mexicans to cause trouble for the U.S. in World War I. But with Mexico's big population increase, he thought the time would soon be ripe to try that ploy again. The Germans promised to help Mexico recover Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. The Soviet official said they might ‘add even a part of California.’ They already have a name for the area—Azatlan.”[xci] According to former DGI officer Major Florentino Aspillaga, Fidel Castro considered becoming a president of a united Latin America under Cuban communist domination as late as the mid 1980s.[xcii] A Soviet conquest would have made this possibility a strong enticement for Castro’s participation in the neutralization and ultimate defeat of CONUS. In fact, the fictional novel and movie Amerika about a Soviet occupation of the United States presented Fidel Castro as a ruler of a “Greater Cuba.” This Greater Cuba would presumably include parts of Latin America and the Caribbean outside the original territory of the existing Republic of Cuba.[xciii]
 
According to available evidence, Cuba appeared to be a militant partner in aggression against the United States. The island’s communist dictator, Fidel Castro, hated the United States and desired its destruction and humiliation. Castro stated in a letter to confidante Celia Sanchez that “I have sworn to myself that Americans are going to pay dearly for what they are doing. When this war is over, a much wider and bigger war will begin for me, the war I am going to wage against them. I realize that is going to be my true destiny.”[xciv] In a 1959 meeting with military officers, Castro further revealed his intentions against the United States: “No, the war is just beginning, because this is going to end in a war against the United States."[xcv]
 
Such messianic and destructive sentiments allowed Castro to contemplate destructive actions against CONUS targets during a global war. Cuba coordinated their preparations against the United States with their communist allies worldwide. In the late 1970s, a large group of Cuban soldiers traveled and trained for beach landings in North Vietnam for a larger "simulated invasion of the United States."[xcvi] Castro also bragged in 1980 about the capabilities of his intelligence and sabotage officers in the United States in a meeting with top Sandinistas and Central American terrorists: “We have agents of absolute confidence all over the United States who are ready to undertake whatever actions are necessary at the time of our choosing. The Yankees cannot even begin to image the capabilities we have in their country. You all read about the riots in Miami...We can accomplish things that would make the riots in Florida look like a sunshower."[xcvii] 
 
                                                     -20-

CIA and DIA (Defense Intelligence Agency) reports provided corroboration to the notion that Cuba placed infiltrators in the United States for the purposes of sabotage and terrorism. Apparently, an unknown portion of these infiltrators were not even Cuban nationals:
 
Also, CIA and DIA reports reveal the operation of an international communist youth training center southeast of Santiago de Cuba in the mid-and-late 1960s. The young people, many of whom were blacks and Vietnamese, were being trained for subversive operations against the United States. One intelligence source reported that many of these young people were children of French soldiers who had either defected to the Vietnamese communists during the French Indochina or were children of French forces who were POWs and still held by the Hanoi communists. Reportedly, they had been given Vietnamese wives, and the children were taken away from their parents at a very young age and sent to communist youth camps similar to those in the Soviet Union and "Hitler's Children" in Nazi Germany. According to a DIA source, their control officer was Jesus Jiminez Escobar. ‘The students (agents) were to be infiltrated into the United States through normal airlift channels and would be claimed by relatives on their arrival.’ ‘Their subversive activities against the United States would include sabotage in connection with race riots...’ Another DIA source said that "the 5th contingent was infiltrated into the U.S. from Canada through Calais, Maine.’^[xcviii]
 
Castro also had military plans for sabotage and destruction against targets in the U.S. stretching as far back as at least 1962. For example, Castro ordered his air force to program their computers on MIG-23s to attack the Turkey Point Nuclear Power Plant in Homestead, Florida in retaliation for the U.S. led liberation of Grenada in 1983. According to General Rafael del Pino, who was a commander of the Cuban Air Force at the time, Castro intended to inflict heavy physical and psychological casualties: “I want to do something that they will remember for the rest of their lives and then, when we are gone, history will remind them that we were the only ones who made them pay dearly for their imperialistic arrogance around the world."[xcix]
 
Another instance of Cuban plans for aggression against the CONUS dated from 1962, with the staff and officialdom of their UN Mission in New York City as the participants. An attaché to the Cuban UN Mission, Roberto Santiesteban Casanova was one of the ringleaders of a plot to destroy oil refineries in NJ, the Statue of Liberty, major department stores, the 42^nd Street Bus Terminal, and Grand Central Station. Fortunately, the FBI prevented this plot from becoming a tragic reality. In the 1980s, Soviet advisers at Cuban chemical warfare schools were reported to witness Castro bragging that he would be prepared to kill millions of Americans with biological and chemical weapons that he had stockpiled.[c]
 
Although the plans detailed above for the defeat and occupation of the United States may now seem fantastical, it is clear that the Communist strategists that developed them anticipated the willing collaboration of many Americans. For the most part, these collaborators were to be drawn from the ranks of the Communist Party of the United States and the radical leftwing groups affiliated with them, such as the Black Panthers. But there is also reason to believe that they also expected the willing cooperation of the leaders of U.S. multinational corporations as well. A large percentage of these corporations favored expanded trade and technology transfers with the communist countries, and this was especially true of those that specialized in computers, machinery, steel and other metallurgical products, food, finance, and consumer goods.[ci] Many communist nations already had (and still have) trade and economic councils that included senior executives of private corporations, and communist party officials and senior intelligence officers.[cii] Such councils served as instruments to gain high technology goods and as conduits for propaganda to weaken U.S. resistance to Soviet and communist measures for world domination. Secretive organizations such as the former U.S.-USSR Trade and Economic Council (USTEC) were known to harbor a large number of high-ranking KGB officers, such as General Yevgeny Petrovich Pitrovanov.[ciii] Arguably, the attitudes of détente, internationalist minded members of the U.S. business and governmental elite was summarized by the comment made by the former head of the Ford Foundation H. Rowan Gaither to Congressional investigator Norman Dodd:
 
                                                     -21-

Mr. Dodd, all of us who have a hand in the making of policies here have had experience either with the OSS during the war or the European Economic Administration after the war. We've had experience operating under directives, and these directives emanate and did emanate from the White House. Now, we still operate under just such directives. Would you like to know what the substance of these directives is? I said, “Mr. Gaither, I’d like very much to know,” whereupon he made this statement to me: “Mr. Dodd, we are here operate in response to similar directives, the substance of which is that we shall use our grant-making power so to alter life in the United States that it can be comfortably merged with the Soviet Union. [civ]
 
Leaked copies of the USTEC journal indicated this attitude of a common merging of interests of the USSR and United States. One example was an ad placed by Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) depicting the East Coast of the United States connected to the western border of the Soviet Union. Other advertisements and articles depicted what was portrayed as fruitful economic collaboration between the Soviets and American businesses.[cv] Defectors from communist parties and countries alleged unusually close ties with big business elites. Former Novosti official and seasoned KGB-flack Yuri Bezmenov (aka Tomas Schuman) claimed that: “During trips to the Moscow airport he (Bezmenov) noticed private American jets landing, the occupants hugged by high ranking communist officials, and then whisked away in government vehicles. When he asked his supervisor about the Americans he was told that "they are our friends" and that it would be best if he didn't inquire further about such matters. Eventually he came to the conclusion that the apparent conflict between communism and capitalism was contrived, and that wealthy capitalists were working closely with high-ranking communists. That realization led him to defect from the Soviet Union.”[cvi]
 
Thus it is difficult for serious observers to escape the conclusion that portions of the U.S. business community would have willingly collaborated with the Soviets if they had succeeded in occupying the United States. Czech Major General Jan Sejna alleged that collaboration between Western bankers and the Czech Communists extended to a massive drug-running operation designed to demoralize the free nations of the world. “Jan Sejna made the arrangements for the Western bankers to visit Czechoslovakia in order to plan with the KGB how they would launder the profits of the Red Cocaine operation.”[cvii]
 
Former FBI official and author W. Cleon Skousen recounted a conversation he had with Dr. Bella Dodd, who had been a high-level member of the U.S. Communist Party:
 
 “I think the Communist conspiracy is merely a branch of a much bigger conspiracy!" she told him. According to Skousen, she had first became aware of some mysterious superleadership right after World War II when the U.S. Communist Party had difficulty getting instructions from Moscow on several vital matters requiring immediate attention. The American Communist hierarchy was told that any time they had an emergency of this kind they should contact any one of three designated persons at the Waldorf Towers. According to Dr. Dodd, whenever the Party obtained instructions from any of these three men, Moscow always ratified them. "What puzzled Dr. Dodd," Skousen records, "was that not one of these three contacts was a Russian. Nor were any of them Communists. In fact, all three were extremely wealthy American capitalists."
 
"I would certainly like to find out who is really running things," said Dr. Dodd.”[cviii] 
 
If Dr. Dodd was correct, then these unnamed business executives served, at least, as conduits or messengers for communist orders originating in Moscow. Still, the notion that certain capitalists actually controlled the communist movement seems implausible to this writer. The available evidence suggests that certain elements of the U.S. multinational corporation elite cooperated with the communists as partners to ultimately weaken our resistance to totalitarianism. Many historical examples abound concerning capitalist cooperation with communist and other totalitarian, collectivist parties. They included: Lenin’s proposal to emulate the German World War I Zwangiwirtscaft, or war economy, by conscripting the Russian business
 
                                                     -22-

elite to increase production; the “patriotic capitalists” that collaborated with the Chinese Communist dictatorship from 1949 until about the mid 1950s; and the German and later French and other Western European industrialists that cooperated with the Nazi’s during World War II. Here it is important to note that the Nazi’s and the puppet regimes they established adhered to an anti-capitalist, collectivist ideology that regimented and at times threatened the same businessmen and industrialists that collaborated with them in occupied Europe. Their propaganda also exhorted the theme of liberation and the destruction of what was termed the exploitative, capitalistic plutocracies of the United States and Britain.
 
During the Cold War, American policy makers failed to heed the available evidence and prepare the population psychologically and militarily to confront the threat. As this paper has sought to demonstrate, the Soviet Union and its global allies were committed to the destruction and ultimate occupation of the United States, and – unfortunately – the old threats have not entirely disappeared. Like the mythical shape shifter, they have assumed new and perhaps more deadly forms.
 
In the aftermath of 9-11, it is no longer plausible to assume that the American homeland is safe from attack. For that reason, I would offer the following policy prescriptions to help counter the manifest threats and to protect the population of the United States: 
 
Continuous and uninterrupted investment and deployment of advanced infantry, armored, airpower, and naval weapons. Reject all treaties that allow us to prevent missile defense systems, while enemies build such weapons up in a duplicitous fashion.
Revitalize a civil defense system that would truly allow survivability during and after an attack of ICBMs or portable WMDs containing atomic, biological, and chemical warheads. Stock the necessary supplies (food, antidotes, medicines, etc.) in logically located storage facilities/shelters in case of emergency.
Immediately reverse "globalization" and outsourcing and revitalize American consumer, strategic, and energy industries in order to regain self-sufficiency. This would mean initial sacrifices by labor, management and stockholders in the short term; but social stability and improved economic employment prospects would ultimately result.
End the unnatural emphasis on market hedonism and the shopping mall regime, which cripples the soul, our productive capacity, and our sense of values.
Re-establish meaningful internal security measures to monitor and if legally warranted prosecute subversive and terrorist organizations and support groups in the USA. This also means restoring congressional investigations of such individuals and groups. Constitutional liberties must be strongly maintained, yet not used as a clever excuse to destroy the security and fabric of the Republic.
Upgrading our intelligence and counterintelligence by accepting inconvenient and unpopular truths such as moles and penetrations of our CIA, FBI, armed forces, etc. to point of compromising technical information and altering strategic and foreign policies. Setting a higher and stricter standard for the quality of personnel employed in intelligence and military agencies in order to minimize blackmail and compromise by enemy nations.
Shut down, if necessary, embassies, trade missions, interests sections, front companies, and UN Missions of hostile nations in order to disrupt and uproot espionage, propaganda/disinformation, and smuggling/trading networks. If necessary, U.S. diplomats and personnel could meet with enemy nation diplomats regarding international issues on an agreed upon neutral third party country such as Switzerland. The most important goal of this point is to keep their networks out of the USA.
Place strictly enforced regulations on the private sector and government bodies such as the U.S. Export-Import Bank precluding them from providing loans, grants, machinery, technology, food, medicine, and other products to hostile totalitarian regimes and "liberation" movements  
 
As a people and as a nation we must heed the lessons of history in order to confront both the continuing
 
                                                      -23-

threats posed by totalitarian states and movements, and the more recent and perhaps more immediate dangers posed by Islamist states and terrorist organizations. Thus it seems fitting to close this paper with the quotation that opened it: “He who does not learn from history is doomed to repeat it.” 
 
 
 
                                                NOTES

---

[i] CP is the acronym for Communist Party.

[ii] CONUS is a military acronym for the Continental United States.

[iii] Mastny, Vojtech. “Documentary Supplement to the Article ‘Did NATO Win the Cold War? Looking over the Wall” Foreign Affairs 78, no. 3 (May-June 1999) National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 14 Accessed http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB14/doc4.htm

[iv] “Soviet War Plans Pictured by Czech” New York Times May 24, 1953 p. 24 Accessed from Proquest Historical New York Times

[v]J. V. Stalin “THE REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT IN THE EAST” Works Foreign Language Publishing House, Moscow, 1954
 Accessed http://www.marx2mao.com/Stalin/RME25.html

[vi] Knowland, Senator William “Outline of Mao Tse Tung’s Memorandum on New Program for World Revolution” Congressional Record April 29, 1954.

[vii] Mosher, Stephen W. “Does the PRC have a Grand Strategy Of Hegemony?” Testimony Presented to the
Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations The Hon. Dana Rohrabacher, Chairman International Relations CommitteeU.S. House of Representatives. Accessed September 20, 2007 http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/congress/mos021406.pdf

[viii] “Warsaw Pact Military Planning in Central Europe: Revelations From the East German Archives” Cold War International History Project Bulletin Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C. Fall 1992 pg. 14 Accessed http://wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/ACF1C1.pdf

[ix] Ibid, pgs. 14-15

[x] Ibid, pg. 16

[xi] Piotrowski, Pawel. “A Landing Operation in Denmark: The Polish Military's Losses in the First Phase of a Warsaw Pact Offensive Were to Reach 50 Percent” Wprost [Warsaw], no. 25, 23 June 2002
 Accessed from http://www.dupi.dk/webdocs/landing_eng.pdf 

[xii] Ingham, Robert. “Confirmed: Warsaw Pact Planned Nuclear, Chemical Onslaught on Western Europe” Agence France Presse August 3, 1991 Accessed from Lexis Nexis Academic Universe September 10, 2007

[xiii] “Soviet Ammo, Fuel Remain” San Jose Mercury News January 11, 1990 Accessed on September 10, 2007 from Newsbank.

[xiv] Gertz, Bill. “Soviets Cheated on Warheads, New Report Says” Washington Times September 23, 1991 Accessed on September 10, 2007 on Newsbank.

[xv] Freeman, Clive. “Soviet Chemical Weapons Said to be Stored in East Germany” United Press International July 10, 1990 Accessed September 10, 2007 From Lexis Nexis Academic Universe 

[xvi] Gruson, Sydney. “Bonn Says Reds Plot Aggression” New York Times September 16, 1960 p. 1 Accessed from Proquest Historical New York Times

[xvii] Mastny, Vojtech. Byrne, Malcolm. Kltozbach, Magdalena. Cardboard Castle? An Inside History Of The Warsaw Pact, 1955-1991 (Central European University Press, New York NY 2005) pgs. 157-159.

[xviii] Ibid, pgs. 380-381.

[xix] Wenzel, Dr. Otto. “East German Plans for the Conquest and Occupation of West Berlin” Armor November-December 1994 p. 7

[xx] Ibid, p. 8 and Rottman, Gordon L. Warsaw Pact Ground Forces (Osprey Publishing: London 1987) p. 50

[xxi] “West Germany Probes Reports of East German Terror Squads” United Press International January 2, 1990 Accessed From Lexis Nexis Academic Universe September 10, 2007 and Wenzel, pg. 5

[xxii] Ingham, Robert. “Confirmed: Warsaw Pact Planned Nuclear, Chemical Onslaught on Western Europe” Agence France Presse August 3, 1991 Accessed from Lexis Nexis Academic Universe September 10, 2007

[xxiii] “Invasion Plans Jolt Germany: East Even Had Medals Minted for Conquest” St. Louis Post Dispatch March 29, 1993 Accessed from Newsbank September 12, 2007 and Fisher, Marc. “Soviets, E. Germans Had Takeover Plans: East Was Better Prepared Than Western Intelligence Knew, Documents Show” Washington Post March 17, 1993 Accessed from Newsbank September 12, 1993.

[xxiv] The Bluecher Orders were minted in the event of a war between the Warsaw Pact and NATO. East Germany was expected to participate in this war. The medal was named for the Prussian General Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, who helped defeat the armies of Napoleon I at the Battles of Nations in 1813 and at Waterloo in 1815.

[xxv]  Fisher, Marc. “Soviets, E. Germans Had Takeover Plans: East Was Better Prepared Than Western Intelligence Knew, Documents Show” Washington Post March 17, 1993 Accessed from Newsbank September 12, 1993.

[xxvi] Wenzel, p. 5

[xxvii] Wenzel, pgs. 9-10

[xxviii] “Parliament to be Spared if Russians Invade” London Times August 11, 1971 Accessed From Infotrac London Times on September 15, 2007

[xxix] Sejna, Jan. We Will Bury You (Sidgwick & Jackson: London 1982) pgs. 142-147.

[xxx] “Parliament to be Spared if Russians Invade” London Times August 11, 1971 Accessed From Infotrac London Times on September 15, 2007 and Douglass, Dr. Joseph D. Soviet Strategy for Nuclear War (Hoover Institution Press: Stanford University Stanford CA 1979) pgs. 28-29.

[xxxi] Douglass, pgs. 28-29

[xxxii] Ibid.

[xxxiii] Sejna, pgs. 120-121

[xxxiv] Sejna, pgs. 121-123

[xxxv] Sejna, pgs. 125-126 and 128

[xxxvi] Crookes, David “Discovery of Russian Maps Proves That Invasion Was Considered” UK Newsquest Regional Press-This Is Lancashire March 1, 2007 Accessed From Lexis Nexis Academic Universe September 13, 2007 and “Soviet Secret Service Knew Where You Lived” Yorkshire Evening Post February 27, 2007 Accessed From Lexis Nexis Academic Universe September 13, 2007

[xxxvii] Sandes, Duncan. “Russians Knew All of Our City Streets Inside Out” Western Morning News (Plymouth) February 27, 2007 Accessed From Lexis Nexis Academic Universe September 13, 2007

[xxxviii] “USSR Planned to Invade Sweden: Detailed Maps of Sweden Made By Soviet Secret Agents Shocked the Swedes” Pravda February 21, 2003 Accessed From http://english.pravda.ru/society/2003/02/21/43579.html

[xxxix] Sejna, pgs. 100-109

[xl] Santoli, Al To Bear Any Burden (EP Dutton, Inc. New York, NY 1985) p. 288

[xli] Press Conference of Hwang Jang-yop, July 10, 1997 Accessed From http://www.fas.org/news/dprk/1997/bg152.html

[xlii] Ibid.

[xliii] Bodansky, Yossef “North Korea’s  Preparations for War; DPRK Intel., Special Forces
Change” Defense & Foreign Affairs Strategic Policy May 31, 1994 Accessed from http://128.121.186.47/ISSA/reports/DPRK/Nov1902.htm

[xliv] Ibid.

[xlv] Oberdorfer, Don. Two Koreas: A Contemporary History (Basic Books 2002) p. 159

[xlvi] Lord Chalfont “How Israel Fits Into the Jigsaw of Soviet Power” London Times August 4, 1975 Accessed from Infotrac London Times on September 15, 2007

[xlvii]Ginor, Isabella “The Russians Were Coming: The Soviet Military Threat in the 1967 Six-Day War” Middle East Review of International Affairs Volume 4, No. 4 - December 2000 Accessed From http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2000/issue4/jv4n4a5.html

[xlviii] Amstutz, J. Bruce. Afghanistan: First Five Years of Soviet Occupation (Diane Publishing 1994) p. 341

[xlix] Banda’s regime in Malawi, also was prone to inconsistencies when dealing with FRELIMO. After the death of Mozambican communist president Samora Machel, the Banda Government of Malawi terminated assistance to RENAMO. Malawi also provided troops to protect the railroads in Mozambique, thus protecting vital trade routes. Also, FRELIMO had, since at least 1979, sent party delegations to Malawi Congress Party conventions.

[l] Hornsby, Michael. “Fifth Column Machel Plan” London Times November 8, 1986 Accessed From Lexis Nexis Academic Universe on September 16, 2007.

[li] The name of the youth organization of the ruling Malawi Congress Party.

[lii] Ibid.

[liii] South African Press Association. “South Africa Says Zimbabwe and Mozambique Planned to Attack Malawi” BBC Summary of World Broadcasts November 6, 1986 Accessed From Lexis Nexis Academic Universe on September 16, 2007.

[liv] Controls the secret police and intelligence service of the Sandinista Party.

[lv]Grigg, William Norman. “Revolution In America” New American February 19, 1996 Accessed From http://www.stoptheftaa.org/artman/publish/article_34.shtml

[lvi] Armbrister, Trevor. “Nicaragua’s Secret Plan” Readers Digest April 1988 Accessed From Lexis Nexis Congressional Database September 15, 2007

[lvii] “Inside Communist Nicaragua: The Miguel Bolanos Transcripts” Heritage Foundation Report September 30, 1983 Accessed http://www.heritage.org/Research/LatinAmerica/upload/87238_1.pdf

[lviii] “News” Boston Globe March 8, 1981 Accessed From Newsbank September 17, 2007

[lix] Ra’anan, Uri. Pfaltzgraff, Robert L. Schultz, Richard H. Halperin, Ernst. Lukes, Igor. Hydra of Carnage: The International Linkages of Terrorism and Other Low Intensity Operations (Lexington Books Lexington MA 1986) p. 318

[lx] “Inside Communist Nicaragua: The Miguel Bolanos Transcripts” Heritage Foundation Report September 30, 1983 Accessed http://www.heritage.org/Research/LatinAmerica/upload/87238_1.pdf

[lxi] “Nicaragua” BBC Summary of World Broadcasts September 22, 1979 Accessed From Lexis Nexis Academic Universe September 14, 2007

[lxii]  Nyquist, J.R. “Notes on Grand Strategy” Sierra Times December 18, 2001.
 Accessed http://www.sierratimes.com/archive/vanity2001/nyquist.htm

[lxiii] Gertz, Bill “Russia's Nuclear Admission Confirms Hawks' Fears” Washington Times October 7, 1993 Accessed on 9/20/2007 from Newsbank Newspapers.

[lxiv] Haotian, General Chi “War Is Not Far from Us and Is the Midwife of the Chinese Century” Quoted in Epoch Times August 8, 2005 Accessed http://en.epochtimes.com/news/5-8-8/31055.html

[lxv] “Notes Regarding the Invasion of the Western Hemisphere by Chinese and Third World Troops” JRN Notes Undated Accessed http://www.jrnyquist.com/august13/

[lxvi] Suvorov, Victor. Spetsnaz.: The Inside Story of the Soviet Special Forces (Hamish Hamilton Ltd Great Britain 1987) Accessed September 10, 2007 http://www.agentura.ru/text/biblio/specnaz.txt

[lxvii]  Lunev, Stanislav. Through the Eyes of the Enemy (Regnery Publishing: Washington DC 1998) pp. 22-33

[lxviii] “Notes Regarding the Invasion of the Western Hemisphere by Chinese and Third World Troops” JRN Notes Undated Accessed http://www.jrnyquist.com/august13/

[lxix] Gonzalez, Servando. “Castro’s Cuba: Asymmetric Threat to the US? Part One: Castro’s Capabilities” July 1, 2002 http://www.newswithviews.com/news_worthy/news_worthy9.htm  See also: Cereijo, Dr. Manuel. “State Sponsored Terrorism: Cuba” undated http://www.amigospais-guaracabuya.org/oagmc205.php

[lxx] Grigg, William Norman. “Honoring the Butcher of Beijing” New American January 20, 1997 Accessed http://www.jbs.org/node/1405

[lxxi] Pillsbury, Michael. “China Debates the Future Security Environment” (National Defense University Press Washington, DC January 2000) Accessed http://www.ndu.edu/inss/books/books - 2000/China Debates Future Sec Environ Jan 2000/pills2.htm

[lxxii]  Ibid.

[lxxiii]  Nyquist, J.R. Origins of the Fourth World War and the Coming Wars of Mass Destruction (Black Forest Press: Chula Vista CA 1998) p. 211

[lxxiv]  Gumaer, David Emerson. “Sabotage” American Opinion June 1969 pgs. 55-56.

[lxxv]  Sejna, Jan and Douglass, Joseph D. Lecture at Summit University (Sound Recording on CD) November 28, 1987.

[lxxvi]  Keeney, L. Douglas. Doomday Scenario: How America Ends (Zenith Press: Osceola WI 2002)

[lxxvii] Quoted from Friedrich, Otto. “Debate Over a Doctrine” Time Magazine January 2, 1984 Accessed http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921441-2,00.html

[lxxviii]  Sokolovsky, V.D. Soviet Military Strategy (Military Publishing House of the USSR Ministry of Defense: Moscow USSR 1963) Translated by RAND Corporation pgs. 302-303

[lxxix]  Quoted From Douglass, p. 24

[lxxx]  Skirdo, M.P. The People The Army The Commander (Moscow 1970) Published Under the Auspices of the United States Air Force p. 25

[lxxxi] Quoted From Douglass, p. 26

[lxxxii] Douglass, p. 42

[lxxxiii] “Former Soviet Military Chief Urges Tough Defense” United Press International October 27, 1986 Accessed From Lexis Nexis Academic Universe September 17, 2007

[lxxxiv] Ogarkov, Marshal Nikolai. “Peace Needs Reliable Protection” TASS BBC Summary of World Broadcasts  September 23, 1983 Accessed From Lexis Nexis Academic Universe September 15, 2007

[lxxxv] Quoted from Friedrich, Otto. “Debate Over a Doctrine” Time Magazine January 2, 1984 Accessed http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921441-2,00.html

[lxxxvi] Pry, Peter Vincent. The Strategic Nuclear Balance and Why It Matters: Volume 1 (Crane Russak: New York, Bristol PA, Washington DC & London 1990) pp. 24-25.

[lxxxvii] Belous, Maj. General Vladimir Semenovich. Diakov, Anatoli Stepanovich. Kadyshev, Timur Tairovich. Miasnikov, Yevgeny Vladimirovich. Podvig, Pavel Leonardovich. Nuclear Arms Reduction: The Process and Problems (Center for Arms Control, Energy and Environmental Studies: Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, October 1997) Accessed http://www.armscontrol.ru/reductions/ch2.htm

[lxxxviii] Turbiville, Jr, Dr. Graham H. “Prototypes for Targeting America: A Soviet Assessment” Military Review January-February 2002 Accessed http://leav-www.army.mil/fmso/documents/prototypes/prototypes.htm

[lxxxix] Griffin, G. Edward. (Producer) No Place to Hide: The Strategy and Tactics of Terrorism (American Media: Westlake Village CA 1982) Transcript Accessed http://www.realityzone.com/noplacetohide1.html
 

[xc] Bartlett, Laile E. “Education of Eldridge Cleaver” Reader’s Digest September 1976 pgs. 69-70.

^[xci] “Notes From the Editor’s Cuff” AIM Report August B 1983 Accessed http://www.aim.org/publications/aim_report/1983/08b.html

[xcii] Falcoff, Mark “The Last Communist” Commentary Magazine June 1991 p. 30

[xciii] Pouns, Brauna E. and Wrye, Donald. Amerika: The Triumph of the American Spirit (Pocket Books: New York, NY 1987) p. 10

[xciv]Betancourt, Ernesto F. “Is Castro Preparing for a Gotterdammerung?” Cubanet November 9, 1999 Accessed http://www.cubanet.org/opi/11099902.htm

[xcv] Ibid.

[xcvi]LeBoutillier, John. “Brainwashing Manual” Newsmax December 28, 2001 Accessed http://archive.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2001/12/28/181632.shtml

[xcvii]Betancourt, Ernesto F. “Is Castro Preparing for a Gotterdammerung?” Cubanet November 9, 1999 Accessed http://www.cubanet.org/opi/11099902.htm

[xcviii]Benge, Michael D. “Cuban War Crimes Against American POWs  During the Vietnam War” Undated. http://www.nationalalliance.org/cuba/benge2.htm According to a Frontpagemag interview, Benge was a former Vietnam War POW and the Senior American Civilian Advisor for CORDS (Combined Operations for Rural Development Support - now termed Nation Building) with the United States Agency for International Development in Ban Me Thuot (BMT), Darlac Provice, Central Highlands of South Vietnam. 
    

[xcix]Betancourt, Ernesto F. “Is Castro Preparing for a Gotterdammerung?” Cubanet November 9, 1999 Accessed http://www.cubanet.org/opi/11099902.htm

[c] Gonzalez, Servando. “Castro’s Cuba: Asymmetric Threat to the U.S.? Part Two: Castro's Intentions” News With Views July 25, 2002 Accessed http://www.newswithviews.com/news_worthy/news_worthy18.htm
 

[ci] There is a wealth of literature dealing with this subject. The following articles and books are some good beginning resources on the subject of cooperation with the USSR and US big business: Finder, Joseph. Red Carpet. (Holt, Rinehart and Winston: New York 1983); Sanders, Sol W. Living off the West : Gorbachev's Secret Agenda and Why it Will Fail (Madison Books: Madison, Lanham, MD 1990); Kirkwood, R. Cort and Gazziniga, Michael. “Inside the Red-Trade Lobby” National Review April 29, 1988 (Accessed from Infotrac OneFile May 25, 2008); Sutton, Dr. Antony C. The Best Enemy Money Can Buy (Liberty House 1986) available online at http://reformed-theology.org/html/books/best_enemy/

[cii] The author of this article had done intensive research on this topic on Lexis Nexis Academic Universe and other periodical databases and found much material on this topic. A good resource on Lexis Nexis Academic Universe is the BBC Broadcasts of foreign leaders speeches and news. These BBC broadcasts and other electronic periodical sources lay out the existence of a number of trade and economic councils for East Germany, Romania, Cuba, China, Vietnam, USSR, Iraq, and other communist/socialist nations. These councils serve as tools for influence operations by communist countries to gain valuable goods and technology. These connections to multinational corporations also serve to whither resistance by political leaders (including Republicans) in strongly opposing efforts by the USSR for ultimate world domination.

[ciii] Carnahan, Ira. “USTEC: Determined to Sell Moscow The Rope That Could Hang America” Heritage Foundation Report February 5, 1988 Accessed: http://www.heritage.org/Research/TradeandForeignAid/upload/91190_1.pdf

[civ] Griffin, G. Edward. and Dodd, Norman. “The Hidden Agenda” (transcript of 1982 interview) See: http://www.realityzone.com/hiddenagenda2.html

[cv] Kirkwood, R. Cort and Gazziniga, Michael. “Inside the Red-Trade Lobby” National Review April 29, 1988 (Accessed from Infotrac OneFile May 25, 2008)

[cvi] Monteith, Stanley M.D. “Newsletter” Radio Liberty December 1999 See: http://www.radioliberty.com/nldec99

[cvii] Ellams, David. Free Life Newsletter Issue 33 August 1999 See: http://www.seangabb.co.uk/freelife/flhtm/fl33elam.htm

[cviii] Jasper, William F. “Conspiracy? Where’s the Proof?” New American September 16, 1996 See: http://www.jbs.org/node/1312